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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old* @7 _4 N; q7 M
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
9 }9 ]- t( p  T- DExposure to Testosterone
, X7 ]; Y- E7 V0 Q- f- zSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,22 F. a4 f. a( N
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD12 r0 T' Z3 D2 q6 y$ k9 q
Clinical Pediatrics
0 K6 Y5 h  K5 b1 r- b* a; y1 G8 |Volume 46 Number 6! E# f: g6 l9 j8 ^) K1 t4 ]' V. C' Y1 K
July 2007 540-5438 d5 Q. ?" ?  q
© 2007 Sage Publications3 V+ v. t; s/ u# z. r; B
10.1177/0009922806296651
; u* K. r* p' A; ghttp://clp.sagepub.com
: D+ y: |- a" j6 Vhosted at  z! l4 k# K: m4 ^5 m
http://online.sagepub.com
5 e' M0 y2 ~% WPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,7 v! u8 N$ C2 \; V% l$ X
is a significant concern for physicians. Central6 I( @: `" q" |2 d4 F9 F" a0 k
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated  N# G; Q0 j5 U% X5 b
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
/ ?7 E, U8 F& oa higher incidence of organic central nervous system& P7 l1 D, Z) U7 @
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested: v! x1 F9 \' a1 H
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic7 N1 K! u$ K$ U9 j8 k. j; ?. P0 J
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
. L9 O" G6 x* E6 \0 d4 L, F8 Fcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
  f3 J/ L. n) C( zreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
$ d8 z0 m/ ?# f/ Aenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
4 h' y. \' O; r* A8 Zment without testicular enlargement, which was due
6 }( c( {  E0 Q7 J; x* @7 a$ Tto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
9 r& |5 T! d$ Z( U9 _the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
4 y4 u% A5 L" i& z) W& c' Tmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
' I- E. F2 ~3 w$ ^child. Given the widespread and easy availability of. M, U' [9 k4 |4 Q
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-$ l. `5 d& Q& `+ A
bly more common than the rare case report in the
8 S1 o" O" x5 T# r" N& E1 vliterature.4
0 F( y( X- b/ s/ fPatient Report
+ l* Y; x* ~# z  N! }A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
) L3 h% t- w. n3 H6 @endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
) u2 {: V* ], y" s# Vof early sexual development. His mother noticed. ?6 T' b1 S5 i  O0 {* ^
light colored pubic hair development when he was! x* r% a+ z& g8 o: M! j* e
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
9 ?- }& f+ \1 D. E0 b! d+ aSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
$ d+ {+ i* ]. mAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
* \3 Y2 q1 H3 s/ Q8 `( |# CProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
  w( W2 u# W- C' F; k! S# z1 wMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
5 W5 V" U- t/ |7 Se-mail: [email protected].
. p7 V. D9 f; A  S* Labout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
6 H* ^5 y9 B( m  S4 D, n5 kdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-1 N2 H8 Q2 g& v' a4 w
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child( n7 l( R0 g, i
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with0 W! g' O* e5 N
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of6 B. Y2 F8 e/ ]. d4 s
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
' I0 e) v, M+ a& S, w9 E, b2 R: F8 gof life and was still receiving breast milk along with/ }# f9 _% P+ y( j$ B/ m
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,$ n9 P' @1 N) K6 O- b! {( G- q4 X
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development$ @; a4 O; N  j8 |9 X) B7 z
was age appropriate.8 t+ o. [+ p" ]
The family history was remarkable for the father,7 J7 g! J; W- J/ c: |
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
: R! [5 `+ ^4 ?  X. vwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
$ N: m: j' J+ }1 A% H9 t; D+ aheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat4 q( \2 z( X. ?2 ]6 G& N. U
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.0 o5 A# Z7 D" p3 |
The father denied taking any other medication. The, h8 Z9 O- o3 R' c( r0 z; z9 o0 C
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
# z+ h( o4 x  b' W& [was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet8 e+ J* D% v% z# l! Q! H
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-, O  {# E* V5 Z; ]% D( F$ i3 q
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
6 W5 N3 t5 b5 Q, K* z5 Ptives. There were no siblings.& J$ k5 W* K, [8 k9 A, M1 v
Physical Examination
1 R0 o2 @5 o$ ]2 e+ M5 uThe physical examination revealed a very active,
4 l' c" \% J6 N) O% [# h& |playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
& [9 f  ]% q: T$ Q% ca blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
6 X9 ^% X8 T6 q& D. I& o! g. B* S4 n90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg$ u1 \8 v' K7 X6 M- V* q7 G
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth: E1 X. K' a+ H& y
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of' v, M$ V2 q3 S$ x) j+ a1 s9 }
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
, G- A: s* c' h# r! cThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for- ]% o: o  ]6 T* V1 o
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
, C# E" n1 Q+ b' i/ l' k8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
* B4 e4 w, D/ C9 h2 q- m1 z5 Y, Rdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
8 G5 Y. d  t! z! h5409 j3 y9 {) m  ^
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: C0 C) G0 H/ K. o
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
, o) s) n  [3 U6 etesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.* B8 s7 C$ r/ }/ c" o0 }5 i
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat: @  l% G# |; s- c  Z6 V- }
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no$ q! ^/ R, _: K' Y6 Q
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
4 B) R9 a0 Y- T! C0 _Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
; f' |5 j4 u) R: Fbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion2 ]3 Q( t. F+ W
of papilledema.
4 A) ?) w0 p  K: k: S/ {8 ILaboratory Evaluation' w' M0 S  A2 t4 q  O( d! H( I" }
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
) b8 y0 o4 ^- c) |  busing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-# C8 H: p3 {7 B' n* T( |- q
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal  m) \! G4 }5 f
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test; S: w3 H6 ], G( m# U8 L
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-. ]& [3 h; f5 F4 _9 [$ |  o
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).! v5 I2 @( }$ C& ]
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
1 E+ R7 Q* w) t* eurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were) u9 u7 b/ D" t
within normal range for his age. The concentration
% A) \2 P8 i. J0 _" xof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL6 Z' k! \6 O! ?9 [% k* e: i
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
0 p5 {9 h; s6 x& L; h. {; Png/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-5 {- G$ f; K. {- _# R5 r
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),, j+ \" ~) z1 z; c8 ^0 v! i& K
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
4 x1 K+ X5 K$ W: C7 L/ L$ [/ l# E49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
+ e) S7 d% z9 h( M: E' Zwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-8 |& f! ~! p* V; Q/ n0 v
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total1 B' e- ?6 E7 N5 ^, s" P
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
( [$ n- ?- p" e1 c& t5 A  l8 jand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
: r. q' |% t8 W1 w$ I; {. |: m7 p0 E5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
6 G& U8 f9 h( I. j7 Rstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
9 u# F$ g7 s* h' {4 tconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL1 e) ^  ^' g, g+ p
(prepubertal).
6 p1 n8 d& N3 V0 P8 y- M6 _The parents were notified about the laboratory$ \- t9 d$ R* i: U
results and were informed that all of the tests were
$ f3 }( J8 h( \: g& C. rnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
& x+ O7 }3 f( s2 W/ E" L4 Xfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
7 ?/ g0 l: G0 `# d; i$ G0 V/ Fobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" [" p$ y( P8 p9 }8 D9 I5 k
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
5 k  [4 M% A' f5 qPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
" B! d( [4 `- B& V% Rchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained% f9 `3 Y- n8 h( ?
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained" D! T: H: T/ E4 h+ ~6 H
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-3 f7 g# g  `( ?4 S! E
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
( z* W5 |0 }2 m! Q, k0 K+ Tthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
1 D3 o% e+ X( dmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.' W  X5 a1 n6 C" ^6 }  r5 Q, \- X
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-6 z8 t4 |& D" w4 m" r
ing frequent erections.0 Z! R" s, ^( R9 \, W
Both parents were again questioned about use of
- s7 i7 d2 O' rany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
6 w+ h+ P+ l; v' M5 i4 uthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the# L3 }( O9 l( E" B0 \5 c7 ~
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541# T/ g, F' b! I3 x
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
. G+ B! S, O1 I$ Z7 `2 s4 aing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
  h5 |  V3 N6 N  |! ?; Na year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed. F+ ]4 Q. y7 \6 c; i: @4 P# w, z# m
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-4 `. o9 H% f6 R# `# t! d2 j7 i
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido% ~/ q2 `; @4 v5 p4 b
secondary to depression.
4 y( a; ?. R  o( Z0 P7 fThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
0 l$ a5 D1 {7 RThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
' D, R. E6 p, `- _9 Tchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-3 l2 b% L# E4 T, S8 e+ C
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
# n% Q. v- f5 Z7 L+ GThe father also admitted that after the phone call,- W  @' y- l0 g7 X8 G
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby' T. m3 @* [0 n4 e" A9 s
was high, he then read the product information
1 C& ~: c& J4 n" U: xpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-' S( m3 }. G* I' T$ k7 w
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they5 K8 U8 n- L' |
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the4 R; e* |- f8 `% A. L
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had7 y. n* f7 R, _' U5 n" e6 ?
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone* ?- R  U; r8 b% n
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the8 ]/ C6 c1 o: y6 r
laboratory to obtain the test.) S" |% n$ s) J( `
Discussion
1 s9 j: l8 `1 b+ P; @- _% e+ vPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
4 a1 B: }1 h* a% B, S3 ^5 F6 fsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4$ n& A4 p' o5 A& C0 x6 m5 d' \
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
' i6 }6 c2 `' L1 J0 Sit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-% F8 r( q' X7 s3 V' T3 i
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-2 K2 Z0 Z7 z4 O  _) h
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP4 b. X! A& m  e1 k  Q
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
9 [6 S) y5 i+ d+ T% ]* H; L% L( Presponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-3 B; O6 ~# k5 [2 @* Z
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
6 f1 f0 y) b. ^3 b) \3 Isis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in' Q3 }* ~) f! d) T
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
4 u' G- r2 B) Uization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- f4 ^, c9 N2 p6 T* z# Trical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by* T  Q( h' _! X2 p! g4 I4 ^6 t
gonadotropins.1,3: t; \( F1 J; G7 E3 E9 ?% L1 ?: J/ C# }
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-" }- ?  p0 s& ^8 q
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
( v% j! O* }8 E# a0 g6 candrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or. |/ Q' U" u: J: \3 G+ u7 |8 Q
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-2 b4 s1 G8 S5 O* ^5 X9 ~
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
% d  p( g! L+ |congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
$ R! L7 x% y5 W0 G2 |adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
# F" {# R0 ]3 ~) v" y+ o% Hpuberty in boys.3,4
) ]6 W' U) L; ?6 u1 m$ q0 O+ |. a& y' ~The most common form of congenital adrenal
9 p% F* ^- X1 v7 }0 }hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.: T8 h, G  S& c6 \5 D* G
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in$ _' {1 f* W4 _% I
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,9 M! R5 T# N  s- T
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen' t6 t. Y; |5 O# `$ ?
excess.1,3
( }& B3 e2 @9 y4 V: Aat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 e  q4 r8 m" k  R542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007; ?' m. T; o+ X; _2 k3 L6 K! A
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-* f. C+ K. G* s9 l. Z+ P
independent precocious puberty, which is also known2 {/ R+ p! x& N+ M7 t, G
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a* q7 x  ^4 N% A- z. I- G
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
! u4 [/ j4 z1 ewith this disorder are full pubertal development,4 M# y+ d: L5 ?: U/ a4 m
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys2 [7 P9 B9 J1 a. \8 T. E4 T5 b* L" z
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
$ b1 A; \4 n) ~! ?4 z. \4 l( eare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show- ^4 s% N: v% p
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-9 g' V# S- R! \+ U
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked7 F; K6 O4 R4 x. }/ M
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
% Z6 Y* n6 X( {" C$ L$ Tmales; therefore, other male members of the family
5 C3 T3 t2 X9 T/ |  ^; Rmay have similar precocious puberty.3
% ~. n6 F: k  ^) J- A7 y7 N, b; UIn our patient, physical examination was incon-' P, V! G- U/ k$ l" ]1 ^
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-3 V6 ^* d. k8 S& ^3 x$ F
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
1 D& v% Z5 d# E* Y. i9 c2 gwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
; I9 _. f5 z) a% [0 w- o# K0 Kstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
% U" l4 }# N0 O: E  B" B9 e- p6 `" _testicular enlargement is not that evident in the# i% R% V& J- _: e* k  T2 J7 `
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
' j% B9 F1 Z' r1 o( _" }ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
& `! P" ?1 z, T& t5 Wbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,; O: G) [2 T. O( h5 d9 R
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
! j8 W! E* _1 s3 M3 T9 vdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-; [5 X9 c( o! V  {$ |; ~
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
, ?- ]/ F3 c9 N' g. HThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
6 l: A& I9 c( d# Rsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
5 w* Q) j! t. p) o" F* J& Wthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
. b, N$ M! i( I9 K! ?2 p2 ypearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
* a/ m/ @2 h  s. k4 i) s! F% Jdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-7 F/ ~8 O1 U0 g7 K) l5 Y
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
8 p  I: d; }: x6 f' o% G4 c0 w3 nusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
& E; ]4 A  N2 m/ YDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
- K1 ^! z3 I  z! g4 i: k) |* \cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
: M! j3 ^, F8 R! \3 funprotected females through direct skin exposure.
- J. a* X! [( X: ZSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
- W# j' G- }) r# jbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
1 O7 u) s$ w- T: leven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
  O9 o+ p/ Y- G+ ^partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-9 L& c- F/ G+ `" g4 b. [# [
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented., D% }6 ~0 b7 g. I( o4 y
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,$ e- |: X) K. |7 i( j$ X1 F
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
1 O5 c7 W6 W! u6 _1 P- Q  Vdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
' C: [: u, O# i& j1 n/ ^$ `  gterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
* G3 G! q) f( y3 O2 S" p. ]- Lactive in young children exposed to testosterone
/ i" V' N7 A5 vexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-, s6 v! x  M: d- T4 T+ N7 @
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
3 @2 W! S6 X1 svirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
/ U# t# _! b3 k3 P/ Xchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
. w3 d' e9 Z% F, Q0 \advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
, \% I" ]& ^$ m) ~The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
. E: E4 f& w3 @" iearly childhood on pubertal development and final$ [1 }7 }! y7 [; M/ l
adult height are not fully known and always remain
6 z+ A; `/ G- d6 H( ]1 R. Xa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
5 u7 B- D. n- w2 H! ~! |! e' Iterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some+ ]! i+ ^- A4 C/ J
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
$ U" J# k: s& C7 qcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
5 E$ D) ~3 s9 q- t' |decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
, L( ]4 E. K) \. N6 h: yThere are conflicting reports and controversy
6 g2 k# Z9 H3 D: Dover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
7 k5 j5 }) Q7 Z* ]( Vpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
$ e! Z' H! G' J) o& B4 b7 ~% zadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-- y& ]6 H0 c9 A
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
8 J& c0 }( c% {# cSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
$ w2 d6 y5 w+ ~: O! ichildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
) f' D) _( r& Ypenile length in clinical studies.
% _7 ]3 W: d" x1 w8 F. FNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is! X7 q, |) b/ @' O
going to experience any of the untoward effects from+ K6 i+ v0 B8 q
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because& d8 J/ C+ G/ e# `3 _* n
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.* u; w) s' W& v; t# {8 z7 u8 X
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of# D5 Q! y+ [0 j3 T( h: f  B3 E
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
+ z8 U& S+ x, Y& K) Wthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
- z6 `5 a0 A& U6 O) [- ~height will not be affected.
$ m' k( v# j  [& q: E$ jAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
% n1 G+ H1 `1 q3 j7 W- F0 k/ N% l9 {ability of androgen products in our society may/ |" S2 X' I/ w4 R2 h: Y( Z* _
indeed cause more virilization in male or female' Y4 \. t: V. }% C) k
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-0 p& L8 |# S% Y8 t" g7 G" S
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
4 Z/ @  ?7 G: B- E- H" F6 B9 dtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
# @. J* h6 l' C) B7 D  [) zgel should be asked of the family members during/ E* f3 g1 G8 ?5 m$ @+ {
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-! H6 n) Y9 o- q2 p# H" d4 F- ]
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
; K) @  ~1 ]5 r6 X6 S) O, l5 C* V9 Lnosis can be established by just a few tests and by* o; k: G2 c% h; _4 S2 F% h3 h
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a) O( G: ?% X9 }9 s( n5 l
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
) \1 _& L( _  X7 @8 Q* p7 dresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
, b; R" ~' P, W# Uinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
5 n7 s3 Z: l* `0 X7 S8 E1 u- [/ ]aware of this fact, because most of these children
* D* Y, M& D+ x% g8 J* m7 wmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’4 J7 C. I" S1 z" P* I4 @' _, h
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
5 A% Q  C- `  e1 u/ A" r! [% l! {warning about the virilizing effect on a male or2 |; r( A9 E9 C% l( V; S+ w7 a
female child who might come in contact with some-
  j  c" g9 s$ `  \one using any of these products.8 F) [( e  a* R- S. F
References+ u+ b% t$ Q: P7 O% }& z1 U8 h
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation4 H5 e0 A( l7 C3 ?/ E* n  H; \
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric& c1 N2 h/ d2 C' h
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
( ~' B% o2 b$ K. v3 m% |2002: 565-628.
8 o! }3 W4 E  s" b' i9 C# y2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious& n6 Y+ u' i3 ]0 O- _
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
: O4 s* A' R9 `! L1 G, LBoy Induced by Indirect Topical+ w1 S  n- K* g/ D( v
Exposure to Testosterone
6 ^$ c* ]- ]. XSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
# H4 C5 P9 ?% f0 v1 k1 {; s! aand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
2 ~7 k! c; |/ Y8 dClinical Pediatrics
0 R/ H/ |; B) S/ y2 F7 `Volume 46 Number 6
5 L' r2 b* c- l) X! E' |: p6 RJuly 2007 540-543
# L$ ~, x8 M: X© 2007 Sage Publications* e6 C. J; h+ F
10.1177/0009922806296651
! l. g: ?0 V4 [" W( h4 ^+ s" k# \% bhttp://clp.sagepub.com
( ~5 ~- N4 G9 w) Zhosted at
, F  ?2 Q, ^- ?5 M# R6 ]http://online.sagepub.com. [" _9 S1 \/ _
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,* y6 R+ \$ U) q
is a significant concern for physicians. Central7 I! ?. E* s/ N% x7 }+ T1 P
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated' u2 l& `% t6 Y2 c/ ^5 A
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has6 @* h; X0 P0 D( C2 Z# ?
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
# Z0 D$ s1 i6 V! @. V2 Elesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
# V+ Z' m9 Y- n# t/ N6 `by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic# n* u! o: A, Y/ X( v
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
4 e# ^/ n& E' b# f" Ecles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
; @/ z" O) U. e9 kreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
$ W8 b' E5 M: K, g/ L# m& Tenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
5 z7 X  c  D% ]- o2 cment without testicular enlargement, which was due
; `/ B7 j* y1 p* w- L4 N% Bto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
8 a8 {9 ~4 I- M8 D5 L8 [4 d, cthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
2 B3 y6 q8 o* P! Qmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
  _5 B7 t* R# ], n' B* _8 uchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of% `3 X) h2 z, k, M, U; B6 e4 i% u) T
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
  {' p2 Q# s: E. c+ r, m$ ?bly more common than the rare case report in the& z  O2 l) X) Q: l
literature.4
' L2 I6 i4 A8 e2 B8 \" e1 KPatient Report
) T+ a4 K; Q) I" zA 16-month-old white child was referred to the# h0 ?+ Q& [5 A6 K7 M
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern" b; a- l, c" M; ^
of early sexual development. His mother noticed% J- Q9 V" l& ~: T: [: B2 ]9 M
light colored pubic hair development when he was
1 E' t8 g- k& \From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of0 l3 I/ i  S6 W2 ^; ~
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
, _/ U/ m; R! f  M: s3 ^- wAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,; D6 d) E$ ^! X2 h
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of8 W" T, ?9 J  k4 n
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;& C  q# o) r- K. }  a
e-mail: [email protected].
( b' D7 D0 s8 |3 ?/ w4 i+ Oabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
' R2 `# b9 b6 R" e1 pdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
4 r+ j) l9 l  b2 D& u4 W3 `ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child7 w8 ^9 i  d: ?) g' a" S+ Q
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
2 n8 N/ Q, W( x0 V) ~a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of8 i1 p- f1 X6 X3 @; k" L
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year7 p6 T$ L! i/ Q7 h- y0 U; ?/ h) ?
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
8 e, b& ~& j8 V$ U) Zsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,3 |2 T0 e9 s, }. `* g5 p' F
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development. }( L" `& @6 p
was age appropriate.
- I! o8 Z, Q, E& v  \9 oThe family history was remarkable for the father,  P6 `$ N( V- A  m7 C; b5 \
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,' `4 I% K* C: x' G7 U# D
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
- v" k- n6 e# ^; \3 V) S3 Xheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat5 V- y6 ^% [6 p" x4 U
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.+ c% j- [- M' V- U4 m# l2 l
The father denied taking any other medication. The: O; r! d: @8 U+ M2 V- L+ P
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche9 z: y: I& M& _3 J
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet; Z  [8 ^2 x" S3 ?: W* s$ L
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
; C3 G9 ^7 h: E' E8 K1 Pcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-! |/ w3 z5 A+ C/ D
tives. There were no siblings.
2 @: T7 d( N6 Q; n( N: A. C3 CPhysical Examination
: ^' j: O+ I! A1 {9 d; OThe physical examination revealed a very active,
% A9 U" m9 K& Mplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented) }8 e/ O; _8 Q/ G# e! @" m0 E
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
! p. l+ p* J9 z6 c+ }90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg7 J3 B$ ^& K2 B1 ^' [( a/ l
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
% s& G& ^4 D! z) ?2 U1 Avelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of8 V4 B; ~* w' w# Q4 E
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.7 g8 P- i, J9 ^2 G
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for1 ]# ]5 O) B- Z+ |
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
5 t/ H+ W" o3 |* H9 s1 M8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
) k4 ~! q7 L. `! fdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
+ T7 W6 Z( f- t$ t: z540. @1 K6 d; B3 l
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, f( |% g# v  P/ Z- G  zthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
# M0 U: j( {  Ytesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each." z  ]7 }% e: f% T
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat3 R7 L: B" f. S0 ?/ z" M
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no) y( [8 i9 q% r/ j( x& [( j; \1 g
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
, U4 Q* K& p5 }, S3 ~$ j/ YNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
+ X1 R& e" C0 |3 c/ y. @) Z) J4 tbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion( l# O/ m: s; w- H+ W3 P2 r
of papilledema.
/ a+ f* o: j0 d. n( S( D% GLaboratory Evaluation9 [+ Z3 |* ~0 l5 Z  x
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
6 P5 y3 i3 s' h1 ?using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
& `! l5 o  ?! ~0 G6 dlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
7 _7 z3 p$ b/ h7 a- d) s  [karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test# n; T3 @5 g) T
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
" R$ m0 t( D. B' i  G' i; e1 Y$ Wlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).# |- S  i9 ]5 h: N3 [
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood. {; m" P3 l2 H) @( v
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
, C5 I9 L0 E. }5 [/ A$ hwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
) s. |# k/ b: S6 cof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
2 w) q) @% M9 C' s$ z( S(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 207 k- z5 M& o# R# p# J/ Y
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
, G8 W, b# r# J- bterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
. t. [; `. w  w! n5 Kdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to& u) l3 X. @. O. E- @2 h' @+ Y
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
; U) I6 W' k" p: A3 U% P. W6 p6 zwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-5 A# R$ Z3 R; N* A' [' n% _5 P
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total2 \% p: y8 y- q# |% u, Y6 o
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
1 {* @; S# z; H+ ], |and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
( @: _9 R% c, i: B" Q* w* {& U; c5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular& N0 c* [9 X5 m! x
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone4 T5 I2 |) K/ T, [
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
4 v9 t, t8 E; a5 W(prepubertal).
( v" r' \0 N3 x8 C' b+ |3 oThe parents were notified about the laboratory0 A% v2 |& s' y; ]) U
results and were informed that all of the tests were" ?8 i. c# F* q3 f* o! T0 J
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
: t$ ?! U7 C9 C) h8 Y% z3 Ufollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to; N6 d# D6 l0 s. V8 g; E3 b
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
2 J& o7 O4 y3 K$ u/ \ever, the family did not return for 4 months.* u. Y/ l: w: a
Physical examination at this time revealed that the- T4 a2 s  B2 C' Q0 R
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
3 e, R0 _# C' }" l$ F5 P3 W2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained  _6 i2 [+ {7 ~9 u7 r% K5 T
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-  k; O3 z) Z" J* z( Y; _1 K8 X
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at" M& H7 J6 Y5 n  W8 t
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2/ a  {) ~9 e/ h" c+ m
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.1 S* L& _; N9 I' g; \9 |
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
. P' e$ ?. U% H% d3 S( v7 Y. King frequent erections.& y8 i& t1 ?  H/ s' K
Both parents were again questioned about use of
% M/ X( N0 V3 a; zany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
/ N( j. c7 {( l& ithe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the' _; ]9 I0 w; O+ Q- r' @$ ?
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541* w  |' w* O; }& V6 I
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
4 b* d$ F4 g, A7 `1 qing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for) O" ~6 H/ J8 `# T6 L* x
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
: }. b0 ?7 k2 S% p0 W6 M$ kto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-4 R. S3 Y) t6 D0 w( u2 x
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
! C0 C. C1 d/ O  Ysecondary to depression.
, H: ?% X% e4 h" ^The child slept in the same bed with parents.' [: O5 g/ A5 A, H6 y/ R
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his! O, |0 H3 W2 V) q! v
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-, z8 \# E; T2 {# r4 L$ e( U) U2 B
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
( g$ z% @/ [' I3 @/ o& E& zThe father also admitted that after the phone call,3 V$ a1 s! J* H0 h
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
+ z5 i% ~3 c4 x4 Iwas high, he then read the product information
+ R% _/ I" L. l) i, z7 Opacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-, c: }, O. _. t
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
; L3 _) L. F( c: W* v8 Y$ R9 Gdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
/ S% i' E4 t3 W, K+ w+ x! B- ^father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
* g" [: }5 u. _8 k/ Z# \been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone* Y, Z2 r8 p/ Z
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
/ B5 k+ }7 }% d( ?6 _laboratory to obtain the test.! {& N- \' F2 z7 C3 [" P
Discussion
. ^1 d- a. c. t& YPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
- _! O- f6 `  s. Y6 R; H' ~% Wsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4. x$ s# }$ f7 v3 p+ \
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when6 L  d8 j+ T% u
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-$ g: Z) ~# S4 b% _- H3 j1 E7 z( W
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-: V( K: m! h% z; T8 q
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
: ]" r1 v% E- L& g1 L: {/ h8 Pmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
! R: v4 V* o0 C5 \% U/ w" t; lresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
! Q& x% A2 c$ ]5 \amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-5 s0 q4 u6 I: e% R; ^7 M( b" b, A
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
% S! a  p4 x0 W9 V! ^" n( U" pboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
' T3 b5 {$ K$ {+ {( b- rization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
& s: p2 a4 K1 e2 N- S& t' q7 urical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by, b6 {, A7 h) p% u* r# u! o
gonadotropins.1,3
$ ]8 m! A& L$ o* }) |/ ~Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-2 K8 @& ^/ k( h( w  b: y  i
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
  Y8 ]+ J! |4 V- \androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
5 U" ]& a8 s" \exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
$ `) W8 L" u- M" m  I2 f$ }& C5 Kulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
: r- C( A) z$ e1 D* K# econgenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive; Q5 \3 s; ^2 h/ u# ]
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious' `% \& Q! Q2 y: ?# U
puberty in boys.3,4) f' y& s" c5 w/ C# h# K: F
The most common form of congenital adrenal
& k* Z& M' c* G8 R! |$ chyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.) M; d' s& g5 g; w/ ?9 u
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in. S  `+ d% H( o& ]3 t% _% _
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
5 m2 \8 b4 e' n6 M4 J- r* s/ Kan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
/ x0 p; ^  D0 }) {$ o( Oexcess.1,3
* r  B- H- C7 d; B# fat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& |1 ~( O! F# x: I  E542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007, r! F* l2 ?9 N  p3 L5 b. [1 f
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
" Z1 k5 m2 O( F. b3 `$ Y) Eindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
% m" Z; e; o. w/ sas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
  o" a$ r2 R) e, g8 uvery young age. The physical findings in these boys, N2 p" U3 v% s" i
with this disorder are full pubertal development,7 `  J! x2 u3 K6 r2 T8 I* I
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys% Y- ]* K% x# N" P2 R
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder  q8 U& y& a5 S! L: Y8 A) a
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
% o3 l# s' u; M9 v' k  V) Mpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
. i$ X+ C& p! ?+ R- @releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
3 N$ z( X7 {( Fautosomal dominant disorder that affects only- T6 m# X3 p' Y+ V2 {# P" _
males; therefore, other male members of the family
4 p. s7 N9 o' [; E+ `9 t& Umay have similar precocious puberty.3' a7 R! ~* [; ~. u/ s% I) p
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
# Y& A7 n+ x. x& b3 \sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-7 E) m6 F6 Q  }
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
. i5 O/ ?- S# Q$ O5 x6 ]" Rwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
/ }$ O8 h  O" Y, A* g5 q& _8 ostarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,1 j% n# F- d$ h7 B! |& q
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
% {0 i# \  `/ }& L+ d( nbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-/ P; M* g  n( c: _0 i( I
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our- v" Q$ ?; F, o. N6 V; n( v( g; |
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
6 X) c5 i7 k/ c) ~! E3 \% C* M, meither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase1 I: f5 p' r6 y/ x) ?$ r
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-( `4 H8 C3 `4 p) b% h2 I
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.! \0 W: L* R9 ]$ i! b& R9 c# r
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
! @- y. [  M1 t# q- n" s$ k1 Vsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
$ X) a2 k, X) p5 Nthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-: Q: r$ _. n+ X+ X4 a* ?
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
6 B* {; f. q& k+ b$ I' k5 ~decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
+ L; r! G6 k* N/ W8 d# S) Pterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
5 q1 W9 t3 s; s9 vusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
! Q) a( c. Z! u4 w0 ?Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
5 l$ @; `* d. v4 Mcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
. u$ R# s7 e# }0 s$ i1 U2 Junprotected females through direct skin exposure.
4 b+ V+ \) a4 \  wSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
& Z! ]! c2 w. [7 [5 W+ Rbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
% O) H/ [. ?, g" z! teven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
: m! \1 Y" C! f. j$ zpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
0 X2 g5 r8 G2 ]7 y" E& @tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.* y: [; t# J, a6 a" G% F" t
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ L1 z6 A) Z* \  G2 `' J
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that9 L) W' z# O1 C" Q3 Z
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-; I9 ^9 j* ~; d( @  T9 W1 |# W( u
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- K7 W; S4 v+ M1 l2 }( \$ J
active in young children exposed to testosterone3 X+ O, u2 F! g2 U- f! ~
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-3 e& D$ V! l, D+ g; b: U9 j
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
4 c! S4 W, X# x5 L! y7 K, Ivirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
8 k2 g4 C* z) r8 Qchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
* n% _* ~: v. ^advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
" m, e/ m" A4 y. V+ GThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
% h  q+ K/ h& _early childhood on pubertal development and final
% m& ]' K( j/ q4 Y. \. P8 z9 oadult height are not fully known and always remain
) B; Z$ B5 J$ m/ ~% }; n: ea concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
4 p# ^' t/ q5 Z4 e. |  J7 `2 \& Hterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some1 O+ O. a, Y% X( j4 n2 \: @( r
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
  J4 @* e) @! @1 |cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation' T: I( g6 o0 G+ S5 v6 @& v
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
4 f5 b; K* l" S8 }: k  jThere are conflicting reports and controversy" g/ R# t5 I; G& s, `/ `
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
+ r9 B% Q* ?7 h( Dpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal0 C% |3 K# ^, z
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-. T. \, |" U6 W5 j% z
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
1 k: v- b+ q; `Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
2 _* P+ v7 _* ]4 W. pchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
( R, B  B7 p0 H/ N0 Epenile length in clinical studies.% h# E- X8 V/ E% D3 [
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
; C4 T! X+ w; y6 O4 b  Q2 Fgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
2 t. s0 q- L- itestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
, `- `% W, M+ u" |2 c0 K! lthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.6 H3 S+ ~9 {4 R4 }* S2 O8 u) K6 k( j6 t3 F
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
! `1 Q# k7 Y& _diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
3 @0 Z5 g  M# I/ S' b" F1 q: z& h$ `the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
/ V1 E& J5 i" ]6 s( a) L8 uheight will not be affected.
. X$ F& N2 a' B4 E5 w8 JAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
. {; H* n9 z; h7 T5 Kability of androgen products in our society may
( v1 Z) V, b6 q' w8 o; J7 e9 i( Zindeed cause more virilization in male or female) F; Z  I; M" }- F
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-) @" z6 ^( ]" @; ]
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
$ Q8 [' O- b% f& E" A5 ~tioning about the use of a testosterone product or5 c. [+ {8 y% q7 ~+ i
gel should be asked of the family members during" T$ Z7 N' v7 ^( u- _
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
; l6 _- ]& _- D9 g; Gilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
6 k. p/ s, P9 {& w) F* rnosis can be established by just a few tests and by3 c) B8 S  d3 g6 b
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
6 O5 ?8 S3 h8 `, [7 c/ {: X- Lhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may" w, f, ?, f' ^) i! R4 z- ^
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive+ [9 t! L/ k. b& j
investigation. The primary care physician should be5 B& r4 Z/ y* e
aware of this fact, because most of these children% t" |3 L: S/ @
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
1 X6 Q& D$ q3 ^3 ^Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
$ p; ~' o( y) J5 ~, ^3 Awarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
- y% z; o- n4 Z/ H# b& [female child who might come in contact with some-
5 L, r6 z, h0 |4 r4 [& H2 c2 z) Q# u: kone using any of these products.% K: V4 @; o( N7 S3 E2 J% z, g4 @5 w$ R
References1 r- ~- X* }2 _1 C+ o
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
; O* ?) g# I5 @& U# R2 Pand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
7 g- h) S6 r& N: l6 Z. rEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
% {8 M& C* Q' `8 U0 Y/ k/ @4 A4 d2002: 565-628.# D4 D% z8 {  V
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious  x& i0 K4 g( ~' J" A
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
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4个什么样的?
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8 H% Y4 {8 }! Z3 X精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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