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is a significant concern for physicians. Central
9 O3 Y8 P) o$ E. wprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated1 p/ D" c! J9 G/ H  J8 j
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
; g- [9 |' v. x2 Ka higher incidence of organic central nervous system
4 K: B# |1 n3 [. ^$ }2 P% ~0 `2 llesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
+ M% J* p+ W2 E) n2 Oby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
5 g+ j7 c' [2 o/ H" vhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
6 h! K: ~- o* [/ v* A1 s. dcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
1 e: w7 }0 |. d' ~9 J0 Vreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
4 i- T5 Q2 G: z& I9 \7 c( x: Oenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-# z9 f9 N8 z- ~4 C
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due6 W' i8 R/ d9 R" g7 o; A
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by7 B3 Q  R6 [+ T5 Z- `0 Y) a, q# c: k
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
. x( v% y3 {* m% C# xmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
2 D, j/ l3 R  b0 echild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
; s( E: {5 y( k; W+ Ptestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
6 G( h. `- ~  ~& X; x' Kbly more common than the rare case report in the8 s8 ^% q( t0 h9 J
literature.4; U* y& s' n3 e" n
Patient Report
5 W! R5 y6 l# @1 V' SA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
  f8 p% K& ]+ T: Aendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern0 q2 X$ i& |* |  ]* D, I
of early sexual development. His mother noticed+ h$ S9 h& p. E. I6 J- M
light colored pubic hair development when he was- f- g$ N0 ?3 e' T& o/ a% e( j
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of! [' ~) J1 W# W1 ^+ W/ Q: u; @. O
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
$ `( t* w5 a7 p0 v; n' @/ g9 g/ Y' xAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
, q) ]0 ^4 e  ^4 {3 M8 q( U5 bProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of5 W3 S+ {; u- B
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;- a& ^/ j7 K$ O0 Y: ?8 p
e-mail: [email protected].
6 e7 f7 b, [6 t  _+ g$ E2 R7 ~4 Qabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became% G( N2 a1 H, }: ]' a0 h
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
9 z! O' G$ k1 wment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
9 x; ~* C' d. R$ }4 J/ G* twas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
8 J5 e" ~9 j0 W( B/ z' o6 Qa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of" V6 ?2 F; Q  g4 o8 O. r4 }
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year2 D- k0 c( @% k8 t5 _1 I: `% }. Z7 D
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
% o2 U( N8 w# ^5 Hsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
9 B( G( {$ m% l1 w, _! Aand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
3 O6 |: a" D; x/ }0 U$ e/ H' i) |was age appropriate., m+ a1 r6 Y+ j& C
The family history was remarkable for the father,
* I3 z1 b' m0 R2 f0 A' h* M) Pwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,8 |4 p) e% Y5 [( x1 _
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s* d4 r2 v* b0 E2 k5 L
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat4 K( S2 w: n: u2 X6 t5 l
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.  b$ c1 y; a! X* J
The father denied taking any other medication. The- M5 t; ]4 u/ ^0 M. U
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche7 I5 ]  t* ]8 x  B+ P  J
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
/ |3 R* u1 D* }6 k8 C' M5 ^; Z$ H5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
( ]2 u5 {$ f5 {- ococious sexual development in the first-degree rela-, U; Q& i4 D& B4 f; q0 Z. b
tives. There were no siblings.' I  j# r( Q" f
Physical Examination, ^; u. @( S* F' l. `4 z8 I7 @9 P+ n
The physical examination revealed a very active,
$ `, ]4 `5 W# d- Mplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
; ~+ {  e. `# H/ v% a7 @a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was- M  V0 x' S! ^9 }' E
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg& }2 E$ `8 O# g1 s: m
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
( ~( Y. T+ C, O. P& c$ Tvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
+ J# F1 h9 J) w2 |3 `. nthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
6 J  w# E" M2 z! W7 H( k: G) ~The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
4 F1 d4 D& w  r) r8 @' \' f3 Venlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of( z) y; s$ a( z9 g
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well8 ]8 p$ S: q# I7 w* l
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
, o) l* \$ n+ Y  O0 K5404 |; z- S- ?! e% D' h# R) a
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
2 Q7 }9 k+ G+ m* g- P: `the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The( M5 @8 T$ f) j9 u+ Y+ I
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
) a9 c* y" B4 M( Y- H4 x: y4 DThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat. N, c3 s4 [" b6 P9 {
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
4 t- z; N3 x$ o* qabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.* ^* H3 t+ Q7 Z/ {0 Q* M
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
' f2 P) m  B6 x$ B, ]- jbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
2 u2 s- A; U; b$ o) n* e& @of papilledema.2 u( c% [& ]7 m  N% n( V
Laboratory Evaluation9 J; t& V. k& I! c7 y1 d
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by1 @3 M% E- F6 ^
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
2 Y; g1 ^( I6 [3 ^3 M3 nlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal, T- V; p$ s5 i7 w( c: E
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
) L5 e( h0 T' X8 N3 B3 Oshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-. C" v8 o) y: `* b) A6 m
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
5 M' G+ w1 W& i! ~: ^- A7 s0 KThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
4 `1 Y/ _* e8 a5 b, lurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were# b7 B' {4 R9 d/ ?7 d
within normal range for his age. The concentration& I. J6 }! U+ t* i& e3 g, ?1 A
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
, g2 N2 z/ z( N* l(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
! L* n% s  h+ y7 L8 R& i2 x; vng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-: j: q% A5 u( q0 v  b' R5 f
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),# R1 c# ]0 ]8 [, B" s' d
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to2 O9 [1 u2 D: j/ Z! |1 ]3 A
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S): Z' K2 `+ `6 b5 n$ a: @
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-' D' w8 _% L- H/ Y* f' S: p1 ^
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
$ Q$ C, I+ a* W. [testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
; ^. K$ F, Z) c, {5 O) H4 n: Xand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
  d$ U& |  t, B' {" e0 q2 a; x% k5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular8 |6 K  X$ Z6 a+ u6 R$ V4 n) j
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
1 L% W9 n- r) o% z- _% E8 iconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
+ w' T" Z  i* s, J+ F$ n9 Z4 C(prepubertal).+ [, z- J4 }0 G
The parents were notified about the laboratory8 _% z, z- P8 r' P
results and were informed that all of the tests were
* I' J& E5 B: e, p/ _normal except the testosterone level was high. The# c, f7 ]! N2 a+ ?* G
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
6 R# o4 F0 w( C7 H, V6 |obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
" }  V: N1 _- y- {; r$ U# Sever, the family did not return for 4 months.
- h0 O3 H" f1 ?Physical examination at this time revealed that the
" Z( k( G6 W2 G2 T7 e2 gchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained( `6 D. T, C! I0 B$ k3 T9 W5 L
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained. H* Y" i, U* x" D# _0 R1 u, X" h
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-1 N9 d; m% x; ~8 L; N' I
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at: o9 n& Z' f( J( P
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 23 L" h0 y& }9 s: J) f0 M: V& Z
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.% o" ^7 \" j) m. ^  ?
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-4 P8 r4 f- I: b5 I6 c- v
ing frequent erections.
+ ~+ _7 O% `3 Q' P' P% C% \1 b$ jBoth parents were again questioned about use of& M: P# i% p6 `+ k$ y& W! Q; h
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to  Q# `+ h6 i& P
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
, X: _1 {! ?7 E8 n* Q: Z& vTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. Y( A* ~& |) B! n; g7 y
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-4 ]5 Z" g! t$ {  d$ z$ Y. W! j' Z( {
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
* A' R/ @# b! o0 wa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
  E  p  g. T( C7 p2 Q3 qto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
8 }0 t" a6 h& \scribed by his family physician for decreased libido9 p* b* U$ S9 m4 H2 @( x8 l
secondary to depression.
/ V1 l8 D' f6 r& t' W1 g, DThe child slept in the same bed with parents.. R, {* K4 Q6 X6 m1 }
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
6 t3 x' j6 Q. i. x) G/ R* w3 [chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-" r# z# c: I* y3 @5 c! d
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
* t6 r1 p9 @- v& {The father also admitted that after the phone call,
2 a4 A" r6 s0 u4 Mwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby; z( [7 W: S3 m
was high, he then read the product information% N. E  G3 v' Y; l, @' G
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-  h( S" N1 U8 ]' {& \5 r2 ~
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they$ [1 i: V. a' X, i
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the& h/ r% s: H# U- x6 _6 @! Z8 J
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
8 ^% `  _6 H" I/ G$ G7 vbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone9 b9 n* @+ o- m/ N  T" C, e
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
* |: j! _2 x- p# x. G+ Olaboratory to obtain the test.) \* f4 f. T- t  ?, ]% Y3 |
Discussion
/ i( [# X7 i4 n1 W; x- tPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
4 l7 `) m7 W- `+ [% [3 qsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
" K1 I( H# }* B: JPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
8 L' P0 y, g8 d9 }1 a5 G* mit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
; A5 l  O  i+ i0 Ethalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-# ?1 g& O- z1 Y7 i
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
% |, {  ^; |' B( T! z5 nmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
; L7 I1 a/ ?/ ~9 O2 L% [- Jresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
; M5 H% k# }) f; `amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-! E; d* _0 J" |' G3 U1 r. c0 J
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in7 F- G, i1 t( S* m; l" Q2 D) J5 j+ R
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-5 D. m& m' i* r5 Q
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
1 e% k( q/ x! b5 zrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
. A& M" L. E" Q6 \8 N% y: jgonadotropins.1,3
8 O; T( z: X) f( x0 n: T2 Z. TGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
2 C/ i3 o8 T8 h) Jcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate/ [, G# D- O/ L3 Q1 Y; t
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or5 C  o% L% e( x2 a
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-& k) ~3 ^: }* V$ I
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
8 i0 d  u) C. J/ O; ~( F$ `congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive" d6 R0 r. j) n/ g
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious0 O8 b4 ?* }3 h# X0 V1 r; B6 w
puberty in boys.3,4# r  Y+ h6 [* a+ A$ v* T$ K4 w& c
The most common form of congenital adrenal
* ]8 D' [; `( S: b! mhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
" b* }4 X+ J( @7 h5 J( vThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
& F  _8 z* |/ `( Y6 ]. u8 b5 pexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
) Y% s) N, b8 S4 n% i% K' ran adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
1 `) x, z- O- f$ C8 ^5 cexcess.1,3% h8 X( _' S2 m- s9 T1 e
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. @( f8 H* S* m6 o0 K( M* L) [
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
2 v% K; O4 p# e6 K1 V5 f4 @A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-) K$ W7 x) o1 K( z
independent precocious puberty, which is also known# M" P' n3 ^: r3 O/ g
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a. Y# E! B# N% m4 q, N
very young age. The physical findings in these boys& g8 d% S% A- J9 U. P
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
- T$ Y/ s& U1 ?: Aincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys4 q7 p2 d& D, j
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
5 B: O: g2 e: s* [! D  Aare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show: X$ [; o1 N- L% e8 c# b
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-4 o1 m7 K" L! D; g; g! V
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked2 ]7 N$ b, y5 O8 l5 p" T! w/ b
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
; Y9 ]# ^& W, I5 Q8 qmales; therefore, other male members of the family- D. Q, z, T" z2 Q( I5 ?( ^& B
may have similar precocious puberty.39 ]5 z8 _1 |: m4 j$ K$ [
In our patient, physical examination was incon-" T) U1 l* ~7 n& `3 w5 }" [
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-! Z9 d- t* s+ C" u
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis( ?( Q' }' e9 {, z4 B# q
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
1 Z. `$ b: K2 v* _* N. Istarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,9 H* S/ w9 g) D+ K  g
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the' C/ F; F) ~- L5 q
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
. L" A0 V9 ]# J/ }/ ~& Q5 `3 K$ h7 M: Tative initial history of androgen exposure, our  a; l' @- G0 G5 Q
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,4 D" u' a# N3 [) Q
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase1 w2 v: _' s7 `* J9 t2 i
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
, \' Y$ c) t5 b* O1 hing the normal level of adrenal steroids.5 {: M+ Q( W. y6 |* o8 ]- Z; B
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly8 K* r9 h, V; N
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
1 M; O! L! l1 t: T2 _the physical examination revealed the complete disap-7 _5 V5 `1 h. M: i
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
) M7 B9 @& \# qdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
+ Y9 U+ {6 a3 E5 k* hterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was5 E9 ^& J% }6 t
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’) ?" o, u+ ]# ?& Z+ v# E
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
, P# e' p# C* l% Q/ U) Hcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
3 @0 f# Y$ q' {4 lunprotected females through direct skin exposure.5 i3 T6 s* o5 M. D2 l3 e
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
. s, P- w2 H: j( M6 o3 M" xbaseline value in those females who were exposed to" y6 }6 Z3 I0 e! c. ]1 w4 r
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male+ }; S8 B9 L+ J% B9 \) z
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
, R$ e$ j, Z# L/ Ution site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.  K+ K  Z; K0 \9 k5 w1 G' z( t
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
) F+ ]- M; X. ~& T9 c5 awhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that7 o# A) Z& P" M; g
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
) K9 W) v4 X8 W+ qterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
) c. G8 B: {0 f+ k3 K$ b; _active in young children exposed to testosterone
  ?7 I6 h" B* h* c: a8 }exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
& V( a1 l1 V/ F7 _3 k. odrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
( w4 [# O2 ?, S1 qvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
7 e  M, Q! v. v0 p. j6 {4 H& V% Z( cchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
! D3 Z  V% h" `8 }' l8 @% K7 radvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
" r) O% A' Q' n  z  V3 W, F; y/ a% G0 mThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
3 m8 `3 y7 h0 n. Yearly childhood on pubertal development and final
; q0 F& Y* \. g+ k- I3 ]" J6 Oadult height are not fully known and always remain
6 H1 m; V6 }$ f  h& f5 `a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-  l: j- h* h2 `3 X/ B# v
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some' M% {; f# ]7 `1 ~; u$ ^
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
  D$ T6 v' N9 z" V! [cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation% Y: L- Q4 K: H+ C) d9 b3 {
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9, t. }" i0 k0 z
There are conflicting reports and controversy+ R$ X- i; B; ]- n4 H( y- e; r% ~# I
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult# e: N5 n! }$ {, {0 w6 G" V3 z
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
+ y9 M0 l9 t4 \. `9 ~2 I1 z$ x3 p. {adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
- {% D9 {# ]6 q9 P# R; e) eulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: l; c* g" m* p# Y( {2 d/ L
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
6 s( o: ?. W, F5 \9 m6 rchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult8 j* \8 D. {( ?( p; G) |
penile length in clinical studies.) G- X7 r' X: C) ]* Z
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is0 K+ I$ B' W) h' J
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
( N: M  n3 v. V" t, f# Vtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because6 ]. b* ]4 q# e% ]; z
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.1 S- A) J) y. M5 a4 H+ Q. P
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
0 U0 Z+ L6 _* K8 {- a7 a3 j" |. ldiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at: p+ c0 @6 h  z' P3 Y' N
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
/ P( |1 z, z' P+ Xheight will not be affected.
4 o4 r4 l9 t1 ]5 {Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-9 E' f4 x# a5 X+ ~4 {( ]7 f; U
ability of androgen products in our society may+ x% m& `: b. W5 \/ i$ |  G( o: _" [
indeed cause more virilization in male or female. h- y, e% N) U
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
" D* h; L! T( n0 X$ ]# s5 n6 kgen products must be considered and specific ques-
" u8 C5 v$ Y5 Q& L0 E9 W5 Ftioning about the use of a testosterone product or
7 ?# g% z  Y" X0 x! Q0 ~+ A  `6 Qgel should be asked of the family members during
+ K1 A: _2 N; k& o6 n2 b- \the evaluation of any children who present with vir-# s' r: }: P6 O
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
2 u/ j% U2 Z* p! a) M* h& ynosis can be established by just a few tests and by' v& I3 F: m/ G$ M% D* }
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a; Q/ M6 m: y, k# A+ I, ^
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may" e. r2 ~$ y3 A: ~% ]" _
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
6 n: U  }! G; h. b: Kinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
8 R2 Z7 t- E8 J0 e7 @aware of this fact, because most of these children
& J' H& v7 e3 v2 M4 c0 c- y4 F8 kmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’$ h: A) A- A2 i1 h/ r5 u6 D
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a# L5 X. F$ B' ?
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
# K- E9 s0 a: p0 y% d! Nfemale child who might come in contact with some-. R; H) e2 y8 v1 W; Q# ]3 P
one using any of these products.
+ x( B4 W( M+ `; _4 X, iReferences" v# O' L4 S4 f1 }5 m
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
3 q' B1 A& \* H- b! |and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
0 O* N1 u1 C: p6 DEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;5 E8 B* |4 N! A
2002: 565-628.
- e  z) f4 E4 @9 T2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
- ^; R1 }" `/ R* e* Ppuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
4 Y/ ?; f! U. e6 O# c; lat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* o7 c. P5 ^$ k
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 543: O9 k) R0 q/ [! C' t  L& L3 V
areas: organic central precocious puberty. Acta Paediatr.' g% F4 u; z! t0 p' W! o
2001;90:751-756.2 z, h7 }# T, e8 D" Z
3. Lee PA. Puberty and its disorders. In: Lifshitz F, ed.
  p( J/ N% o6 NPediatric Endocrinology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Marcel
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發表於 2025-1-5 09:19:02 | 顯示全部樓層
看起来不错啊,继续欣赏看看
發表於 2025-1-29 20:38:58 | 顯示全部樓層
感谢楼主无私分享
發表於 2025-1-29 21:12:48 | 顯示全部樓層
喜闻乐见  看看看看看
發表於 2025-1-29 22:19:07 | 顯示全部樓層
跟真的人真的好像
0 G8 {5 V/ @) G) a/ V
發表於 2025-3-5 16:58:25 | 顯示全部樓層
seems interesting ...thanks for sharing
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